An often overlooked aspect of web performance tuning is the effect of using the HTTPS protocol to create a secure web site. As applications move from the desktop onto the web, the need for security and privacy means that HTTPS is now heavily used by web sites that need to be responsive enough for every day use.
The tips shown below may help you to avoid some of the common performance and development problems encountered on sites using HTTPS:
Tip #1: Use Keep-Alive Connections
Whenever a browser accesses a web site it must create one or more TCP connections. That can be in lengthy operation even with normal unsecured HTTP. The use of Keep-Alive connections reduces this overhead by reusing TCP connections for multiple HTTP requests. The screen shot below from HttpWatch shows the TCP connection time over HTTP is approximately 130 milliseconds for our web site when it is accessed from the UK:
Using HTTPS, the lack of Keep-Alive connections can lead to an even larger degradation in performance because an SSL connection also has to be setup once the TCP connection has been made. This requires several roundtrips between the browser and web server to allow them to agree on an encryption key (often referred to as the SSL session key) . The corresponding connection time to the same server using HTTPS is nearly four times longer as it includes the HTTPS overhead:
If a HTTPS connection is re-used the overhead of the both the TCP connection and SSL handshake are avoided.
Some web browsers and servers now allow the re-use of these SSL session keys across connections, but you may not always have control over the web server configuration or the type of browser used.
Tip #2: Avoid Mixed Content Warnings
In a previous blog post we talked about the confusing and annoying dialog that is displayed by default if a secure page uses any HTTP resources:
To stop this warning dialog interrupting the page download you need to ensure that everything on the page is accessed over HTTPS. It doesn’t have to be from the same site but it must use HTTPS. For example, the addition of HTTPS support allows the Google Ajax libraries to be safely loaded from secure pages.
Tip #3: Use Persistent Caching For Static Content
If you follow Tip #2 then everything that your page needs, including images, CSS and Javascript, will be accessed over HTTPS. You would normally want to persistently cache static content like this for as long as possible to reduce load on the web site and improve performance when a user revisits your site.
Of course, you wouldn’t want to cache anything on the disk that was specific to the user (e.g. HTML page with account details or a pie chart of their monthly spending). On most pages though, nearly all of the non-HTML content can be safely stored, shared and re-used.
There seems to be some confusion over whether caching is possible with HTTPS. For example, Google say this about Gmail over HTTPS:
You may find that Gmail is considerably slower over the HTTPS connection, because browsers do not cache these pages and must reload the code that makes Gmail work each time you change screens.
Although, 37Signals acknowledge that in-memory caching is possible, they say that persistent caching is not possible:
The problem is that browsers don’t like caching SSL content. So when you have an image or a style sheet on SSL, it’ll generally only be kept in memory and may even be scrubbed from there if the user is low on RAM (though you can kinda get around that).
Even when you do your best to limit the number of style sheets and javascript files and gzip them for delivery, it’s still mighty inefficient and slow to serve them over SSL every single time the user comes back to your site. Even when nothing changed. HTTP caching was supposed to help you with that, but over SSL it’s almost all for naught.
In reality, persistent caching is possible with HTTPS using both IE and Firefox.
Using HttpWatch you can see if content is loaded from the cache by looking for (Cache) in the Result column or by looking for the blue Cache Read block in the time chart. Here is an example of visiting https://www.httpwatch.com with a primed cache in IE. You can see that all the static resources are reloaded directly from the cache without a round trip to the web server:
If you try this in Firefox 3.0 without adjusting your response headers you will see this instead:
The ‘200′ values in the Result column indicate that the static content is being reloaded even though the site was previously visited and a valid Expires setting was used. Unless you specify otherwise, Firefox will put HTTPS resources into the in-memory cache so that they can only be re-used within a browser session. When Firefox closes the contents of the in-memory cache is lost.
The about:cache page in Firefox confirms that these files are stored using the in-memory cache:
To allow persistent caching of secure content in Firefox you need to set the Cache-Control response header to Public:
This value moves HTTPS based content into the persistent Firefox disk cache and in the case of https://www.httpwatch.com it more than halves the page load time due to the decrease in network round trips and TCP/SSL connections:
The Public cache setting is normally used to indicate that the content is not per user and can be safely stored in shared caches such as HTTP proxies. With HTTPS this is meaningless as proxies are unable to see the contents of HTTPS requests. So Firefox cleverly uses this header to control whether the content is stored persistently to the disk.
This feature was only added in Firefox version 3.0 so it won’t work with older versions. Fortunately, the take up version 3.0 is reported to be much faster than IE 6 to 7.